Is Covid-19 A Force Majeure Event? How did it impact Indian Real Estate?
While the question, is ‘Covid-19 a force majeure event?’ has been discussed several times, it hasn’t been detailed concerning different countries. In the absence of a legislative definition and evolved jurisprudence regarding the application of the force majeure clause, it only makes sense to analyse its operation compared with other countries. The piece also answers how the covid-19 as a force majeure event affected the real estate sector in India. Saradha Devi writes a compelling analysis of the application of the force majeure clause in India and elsewhere. Through specific examples, Saradha also draws its impact on housing and real estate.
Force Majeure Clause and Contractual Obligations during COVID-19: Cases from India
While the usage of the force majeure clause and its doctrine is relatively narrow, it became almost overused during the Covid-19 pandemic and several lockdowns in states and the country which followed. Among many other things that the Covid-19 pandemic hit, it also disrupted the economy and the fulfilment of contracts and contractual obligations. Namit Vora explains the meaning of force majeure and doctrine of frustration and explains how its use panned out in India.
Case Note: Lalman Shukla v. Gauri Dutt
Revisit the most popular and primal cases that mark the field of contract law in India, Lalman Shukla v. Gauri Dutt. Neha Mohanty in a short case note lays out the important details of the case and the relevant sections of the Indian Contract Act.
A Critical Analysis Of The Usage Of May Not In Section 12 Of Contracts Act, 1872
By: Richard Shane Hammish TNNLU INTRODUCTION: The usage of the terms may and shall in statutory provisions have always caused ambiguity in the statutes of
Contracts and Quasi Contracts
By Vikesh Kumar, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow Editor’s note: Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. In case of contract,
Review Of The Doctrine Of Agency By Necessity
Sankalp Shanker Srivastava Introduction- The Principle The origin of the principle of the Doctrine of Agency of Necessity rests in the idea where an agent
Agreements In Restraint Of Marriage
By Souradeep Mukhopadhyaya AGREEMENTS IN RESTRAINT OF MARRIAGE: POSITION IN ENGLISH LAW: Under English Law, agreements which restrain marriage are discouraged as they are injurious
Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose
In this submission, the author has discussed in detail the Mohori Bibee case wherein, for the first time in 1903, the Privy Council declared that the minor’s contract was void and not merely voidable. The Privy Council reached this conclusion on the basis of various Sections of the Indian Contract Act which have also been elaborated in this paper to define the nature of a minor’s agreement.
Marine Insurance Policy
By Saksham Dwivedi, CNLU Introduction & Historical Development Marine Insurance is not of recent origin. Its existence can be traced back to several centuries. Questions
Doctrine of Fundamental Breach: The CISG and The UCC
The doctrine of fundamental breach is chiefly predicated on the facts or assumption that a party to a contract or contract of sale has committed a misnomer in the contract that goes to the root of the contract, thereby knocking the bottom off its commercial relevance. The prerequisites which must be fulfilled before a buyer may avoid a contract under the CISG are very different from those which must be fulfilled to reject under the UCC. Moreover, case law interpreting the doctrine has only added to the ambiguity, thus making it nearly impossible for any interpreter to confidently answer the seemingly basic question of whether a contract for the international sale of goods has been fundamentally breached. It seems as though the goal of contract preservation has outweighed the desire for any bright line rules and maybe rightly so when considering the international context in which these cases are decided.
Contract of Adhesion and Doctrine of Fundamental Breach
The nature of the contracts changes with the developments in business environments. Most contracts entered into by ordinary people today are not in fact the result of individual negotiations. Even insurance contracts are similar to such contracts of adhesion since one party holds a stronger bargaining position in the contract and this is usually the drafting party, whereas the other party holds a weaker position and this is usually the accepting party. The existing provisions of the the Indian Contract Act show that the legal control is not quite adequate to come to the rescue of the weaker party against adhesion contracts and to meet the needs of the changing times.
The Development of New lex mercatoria in the context of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation
Reforms in international commercial law have long been the centre of international efforts to facilitate international commercial transactions with lower costs to enterprises and higher legal certainty. As world trade and communications became increasingly interdependent, an intermediate period fostered the growth of a limited type of substantive international law, based primarily upon the common trade usages and practices among merchants, as well as such universally recognized legal principles. Lex mercatoria is a growing body of such international customary laws. However, its status as a legitimate source of law distinct and autonomous from national legal systems stands on debatable grounds with arguments both supporting and dissenting the same and hence remains uncertain.
Statutory Transactions: A Comparative Analysis of the Indian and English Scenario
Statutory transactions are contracts under compulsion of law whereby parties are mandated by executive orders or legal regulations to enter into either contractual relations or contract–like relations. Therefore, it would not be a sale of goods as the consensual element which forms the basis of contract is absent. However, lately there has been a characterization of statutory transactions as consensual contractual arrangements. This reflects the growth of a novel jurisprudence of contract by law distinct from the ordinary contracts by consent of parties, as understood throughout the legal history.
Indemnity And Agency
By Sumit Kumar Suman, CNLU Introduction Indemnity can be treated as a sub-species of compensation and a Contract of Indemnity is a species of contracts.
Contingent Contracts
By Yashu Bansal, Chanakya National Law University, Patna “Editor’s Note: Contingent contracts are contracts that are dependent on the happening or non-happening of an uncertain
Agency under Contracts
Anonymous Editor’s note: This paper analyses the role of an agent under the Indian law on contracts. In contracts of agency, there exists a legal
“Goods” under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930
By Aditya Sood Editor’s note: ‘Goods’ have been defined under § 2(7) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, to include every kind of movable
Introduction to contracts
By Sagnik Saha Editor’s note: This paper lays down the basic concepts of law of contracts, beginning with an offer/proposal, which is essentially a person’s
Contract with a minor – Mr. Sharma v. Mr. Nitin
Editor’s note: This paper lays down the facts and circumstances of a fictitious case – dealing with primarily the law of contracts, whether a
Minors and partnership rights
Anonymous Editor’s note: This paper deals with the rights and liabilities of a minor with respect to a partnership, under S.30 of the Indian Contract
